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  <title>infortibet</title>
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  <subtitle>Informatie over Tibet</subtitle>
  <updated>2012-02-22T18:05:59+01:00</updated>
  <rights>All Rights Reserved blogSpirit</rights>
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      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>Tibetaans Nieuwjaar : 22 februari 2012</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2012/02/17/tibetaans-nieuwjaar-22-februari-2012.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2012-02-17:6947913</id>
      <updated>2012-02-18T12:49:18+01:00</updated>
      <published>2012-02-17T19:34:00+01:00</published>
                            <category term="traditionele feesten" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="china" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="nieuwjaar" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary>    Op 22 februari begint een nieuw jaar voor de Tibetanen: het jaar van de...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Op 22 februari begint een nieuw jaar voor de Tibetanen: het jaar van de ‘Water Draak’. De jaartelling is gebaseerd op de maanstanden, op een twaalfjarige dierenriem en op een ‘element’ (vuur, aarde, metaal, water, hout), net zoals in de rest van China. De Tibetaanse leiders namen in de 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw de Chinese kalender over. Bij huwelijk, kan men zeggen, een Tibetaanse vorst huwde een Chinese prinses, die in haar bagage een sterrenhemel meebracht. Naast andere dingen: een beetje boeddhisme en wat geneeskundige praktijken, zoals het voelen van de pols en het examineren van de tong als diagnosetechniek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Groepen, die ijveren voor meer onafhankelijkheid van Tibet minimaliseren of negeren die ‘Chinese invloed’ van de 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw. Zelfs ‘thee’ wordt weinig vermeld. Ook op wikipedia blijft de vroege Chinese invloed zo goed als afwezig. Dat ‘oogt‘ goed, waarschijnlijk. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Toch wordt 2012 ‘het jaar van de Draak’ gekoppeld aan het element ‘water’, net als in de rest van China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Een ‘jaar van de Draak’ brengt een babyboom mee. Gezinnen willen hun kind zien geboren worden onder dat krachtig gesternte. Tijdens het vorige ‘jaar van de Draak’, in 2000, waren er in China 5% meer geboortes dan&amp;nbsp;in 1999 of 2001. En ze zijn al met zoveel! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Het ‘millenniumjaar’ zat daar ook voor een groot deel tussen natuurlijk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De procreatie-activiteit van de Draak is al voelbaar in Lhasa: z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;iekenhuizen&amp;nbsp;melden nu begin februari&amp;nbsp;een verhoogd babygebeuren.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>Een mediabombardement op Tibet</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2012/02/17/een-mediabombardement-op-tibet.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2012-02-17:6947826</id>
      <updated>2012-02-17T18:17:04+01:00</updated>
      <published>2012-02-17T18:15:00+01:00</published>
                            <category term="rellen" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="sichuan" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="monniken" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary> &amp;nbsp;     De zelfverbrandingen in enkele Tibetaanse gebieden in China...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De zelfverbrandingen in enkele Tibetaanse gebieden in China leiden tot een ongeziene mediacampagne vanwege de VS en de Tibetaanse gemeenschap in het buitenland.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Daarin prijzen invloedrijke Tibetanen in het buitenland de ‘moed van de zelfverbranders’. De dalai lama zien we op de VOA (‘Voice of America’) of op ’Radio Free Asia’ actief in gebedsstonden voor de zelfverbranders. Intussen zijn er dat al een twintigtal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Sommige Tibetaanse leiders in ballingschap gaan zeer ver en garanderen ongeveer het ‘nirwana’ voor de zelfopoffering. Dit doet bv Jamyang Norbu vanuit de VS op de website van ‘Tibetan Youth Congress’, de grootste organisatie van Tibetanen in het buitenland in “een editoriaal met de titel: “self-immolation and Buddhism”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Dit worden hysterisch-religieuze toestanden, die theologisch niet afgekeurd worden door de hogere boeddhistische leiding van de Tibetanen in het buitenland, ten dienst van de politieke actie voor onafhankelijkheid van Tibet. De ex-abt van het Kirti klooster in Sichuan, waar de meerderheid van de zelfverbrandingen plaatsvonden, was zelf op ‘toelichtingsrondreis’ in de VS in november 2011, als ‘ambassadeur van het protest’, op het moment zelf dat er nog enkele jongeren in de vlammen opgingen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Het mediabombardement is op Tibet gericht, het zijn televisie-uitzendingen van de VOA of van RFA, in de Tibetaanse taal, die via schotelantennes in Tibet en aanpalende streken kunnen ontvangen worden. De zelfverbrandingen tonen als ‘moedige offers’, de dalai lama laten zien, die voor hen bidt, interviews met andere Tibetaanse bannelingen die hun ‘respect voor de moed’ komen betuigen, het maakt die daad meer en meer sacraal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Twintig jongeren, nauwelijks twintig jaar oud, zijn er de dupe van.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Het is zeker dat de autoriteiten in Sichuan de scheiding van politiek en religie niet op de zachtste manier aangepakt hebben anders zouden er geen zelfverbrandingen geweest zijn. We kunnen enkel hopen dat ze samen met de lokale bevolking een weg zullen vinden. Er een internationaal ‘spektakel’ van maken of het gebruiken om China uit evenwicht te brengen zal letterlijk ‘olie op het vuur’ zijn. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>De massale inwijking van Han Chinezen in Tibet: al lang aan de gang?</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2012/02/07/de-massale-inwijking-van-han-chinezen-in-tibet-al-lang-aan-d.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2012-02-07:6931874</id>
      <updated>2012-02-22T18:05:58+01:00</updated>
      <published>2012-02-07T20:01:00+01:00</published>
                            <category term="demografie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="han" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="invasie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary> &amp;nbsp;    In september 1987 verklaart de dalai lama tijdens een...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In september 1987 verklaart de dalai lama tijdens een hoorzitting van het Amerikaans Congres: “7,5 miljoen Chinese kolonisten hebben zich ondertussen al in Tibet gevestigd, dat is meer dan het aantal Tibetanen. Zij moeten vertrekken.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; Een cijfer dat hij herhaalt in 1999 voor de Duitse televisie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;En in juni 1988 vermeldt hij het thema in het Europees parlement: “de Chinese overheid moedigt massale transfert van bevolking aan naar Tibet. Nu reeds zijn de 6 miljoen Tibetanen in de minderheid.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Nochtans, in 2003, publiceert het bureau van de dalai lama in New York een commentaarartikel op de Chinese uitgebreide volkstelling van 2000, waarbij ze de resultaten van die volkstelling niet aanvechten. De telling toonde dat de Autonome Regio Tibet voor 97,6% bevolkt is door Tibetanen. De enige lichte kritiek op de telling: “de bevolking werd in november geteld, dan zijn er veel minder Han aanwezig dan in de zomer.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Aan een Duitse journalist vertelt de dalai lama in 2007: “autonomie betekent voor mij ook dat de Tibetanen in de meerderheid moeten zijn. Het tegendeel kunnen we niet aanvaarden. Bij mijn eerste bezoek aan Letland, zei een lokale politicus me dat alle Russen die Lets spreken en die de Letse cultuur respecteren mogen blijven, in zoverre ze niet met teveel zijn. Anders moeten ze Letland verlaten. Dat geldt ook voor Tibet. Alle Chinezen, die Tibetaans spreken en de Tibetaanse cultuur respecteren, mogen blijven, in zoverre ze niet met te veel zijn. Alle Chinezen, die denken dat de Tibetanen stinken moeten ons land verlaten.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; De dalai lama heeft het hier wel over ‘Groot-Tibet’, dat naast de Autonome Regio Tibet een aantal van oudsher gemengde streken omvat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn6&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In een interview met ‘Le Nouvel Observateur’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn7&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; in 2008 zegt hij dit:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“In Lhasa wonen ongeveer 100.000 Tibetanen, terwijl het aantal Chinezen meer dan dubbel zoveel is. Lhasa is onherkenbaar geworden. In andere streken zijn er overal gloednieuwe ‘Chinatowns’. De Tibetanen zijn dus een minderheid geworden.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dit zijn slechts enkele citaten van de dalai lama. Bijna tijdens elke publieke verschijning in Europa heeft hij hetzelfde thema herhaald, sinds 1987.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Het thema “de Tibetanen zijn in de minderheid in eigen streek” werd voor het eerst naar voor gebracht in 1987, door J.F. Avedon, een Amerikaanse journalist. Hij had al lang contact met de Tibetanen, die in de jaren 1950 Tibet ontvlucht waren. In 1973 verbleef hij bij de Tibetaanse rebellen in Nepal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn8&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; en hij organiseerde de eerste reis van de dalai lama naar de VS, in 1979.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In 1987 was hij de opsteller van een ‘studiewerk’, dat diende voor een hoorzitting van de Amerikaanse beleidmakers. Naast andere aanklachten tegen China stond daar ook in dat China Tibet overspoelde met een massale instroom van Han Chinezen. “Twee miljoen,” volgens zijn bevindingen. Daarbij had hij het over de huidige Autonome Regio Tibet, zelfs niet over ‘Groot Tibet’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn9&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Voor ‘Groot Tibet’ vermeldt Avedon “7,5 miljoen Han, tegenover 6 miljoen Tibetanen”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn11&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De dalai lama nam dit cijfer over in zijn toespraak voor het Amerikaans Congres in september 1987. Het was de eerste maal dat hij het thema aanhaalde. In zijn traditionele jaarrede&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn12&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; kwam het ook pas in 1988 voor het eerst als aanklacht voor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Eén week na ontvangst die de dalai lama te beurt viel in het Amerikaans Congres in 1987 braken er rellen uit in Lhasa. Avedon was ter plaatse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn13&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; Toen was Tibet ‘open’ voor eender wie, er was geen speciale vergunning nodig. Men – de schrijver incluis – kon er predikers van alle soorten zien, het ‘hippe’ Kathmandu van toen verplaatste zich naar Lhasa. Na de onlusten stelde China twee jaar lang de krijgswet in. Avedon vond in de VS zijn vriend Ackerly terug en het International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) werd er opgericht in 1988. ICT groeide uit tot het belangrijkste communicatie-orgaan voor alle Amerikaanse en Europese steuncomités voor de onafhankelijkheid van Tibet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn14&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dit is de context waarbinnen de beschuldiging van ‘China overrompelt Tibet met een instroom van Han Chinezen’ naar voren kwam. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Meer dan twintig jaar lang, tot op heden, ging dit thema de wereld rond, via de honderden ‘Tibet support comités’. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn15&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In Europa is het een ‘waarheid’ geworden. En indien er in 1987 al 7,5 miljoen Han in ‘Groot-Tibet’ waren, dan moet het nu nog veel erger zijn? In 2008 zei de dalai lama voor de Franse senaat dat hij “weet had van een Chinees plan om na de Olympische Spelen nog één miljoen extra Chinezen naar Tibet te brengen.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn16&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“Een demografische genocide,” noemde hij het.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Echter, door het toenemende Westers toerisme naar Tibet, komen er genuanceerdere verhalen. Ook enkele wetenschappers gingen analytisch ter plaatse kijken.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Het verhaal van Avedon over een Han invasie in Tibet zelf en in de randgebieden van het hoogplateau is onwaarschijnlijk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Alleen al het feit dat de totale bevolking van Tibet in 1987 slechts 2,2 miljoen bedroeg maakt dit cijfer van “2 miljoen Han Chinezen” ongeloofwaardig. Voor Lhasa vermeldde Avedon “150.000 Chinezen tegen 50.000 Tibetanen”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;150.000 Chinezen in Lhasa, dat is nog geen 2 miljoen. De andere steden van Tibet zijn niet talrijk en zijn veel kleiner: Nagqu, Chamdo, Nyingchi, Xigaze, Gyangze, Zedang, Xegar. Dat zijn er nog zeven. Indien we Avedon volgen kunnen daar samen misschien nog eens 100.000 à 200.000 Chinezen wonen. Daarmee komen we niet aan zijn ‘twee miljoen’. Klopt dat cijfer dan wel? Want dan zouden er minstens 1,5 miljoen Chinezen buiten de steden in Tibet moeten leven. De befaamde Amerikaanse antropoloog en tibetoloog, Melvyn Goldstein, die al 30 jaar lang Tibet doorkruist, zag vrijwel geen Han Chinezen in de dorpen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn10&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Ook de invasie van 7,5 miljoen Han in de gemengde randgebieden van Groot-Tibet is onwaarschijnlijk. Overal in China is de tendens dat het platteland licht ontvolkt ten voordele van de grote steden. De media melden dat er tientallen miljoenen zwerfwerkers zijn in de Chinese megapolen. Bovendien gaat de migratie oost- en zuidwaarts naar de kust en naar grote steden zoals Chengdu en Chongqing. Niet westwaarts naar slecht bereikbare en minder ontwikkelde streken.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;en Engelse economist en demograaf, Andrew Martin Fischer, houdt het in 2004 op 6% Han in de Autonome Regio Tibet. Op het platteland zouden ze anderhalf procent van de bevolking uitmaken, in de grote steden 32 procent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn17&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. De Han Chinezen zijn wel in de vijf à zes grote centra van Tibet neergestreken, daar waar zeventig jaar geleden slechts een zeldzame Han er ergens een handeltje had. Nu zijn ze er met enkele honderdduizenden op een totaal van drie miljoen inwoners.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Andrew Martin Fischer stelde na uitgebreid onderzoek in 2003-2004 vast dat de verhalen van massale instroom van Han Chinezen in Tibet of in de Tibetaanse gebieden in de provincies Qinghai, Gansu en Sichuan fel overdreven zijn, zelfs onwaar. Hij was gedurende 14 maanden werkzaam in 23 ‘Tibetaanse’ steden of districten in en buiten de autonome regio. In zijn onderzoek kwam hij tot de conclusie dat het hoge aantal kinderen bij de Tibetanen gelijke tred houdt met de immigratie van Han Chinezen en dat er zeer weinig Han Chinezen buiten de stedelijke centra te vinden zijn. Hij weerlegde de beweringen over massale instroom van Chinezen en richtte zijn kritiek vooral op het feit dat de Tibetanen niet genoeg aan de bak komen in de economische topsectoren in de steden.&lt;s&gt;&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;oor Andrew Martin Fisher is de beschuldiging dat er in de autonome regio Tibet zelf meer Han Chinezen leven dan Tibetanen zo flagrant onwaar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn18&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, dat hij zijn onderzoek vooral richtte op de ‘gemengde gebieden’, buiten Tibet, de zogenaamde uitbreiding naar ‘Groot-Tibet’, de randgebieden van het hoogplateau. Het is vooral daar dat hij een twintigtal steden met hun omgeving nauwkeurig observeerde. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In tegenstelling met de Autonome Regio Tibet zelf, waar de immigratie van Han Chinezen zich beperkte tot de administratie, de technische ondersteuning en de handel, ging het in die aanpalende streken om grond. Daar vestigden zich Chinese landbouwers in de vruchtbare en bereikbare valleien. Echter, die trend dateert van 150 à 300 jaar geleden, tijdens de laatste Chinese keizersdynastie, de Qing. Fisher ontwaart geen recentere instroom, gezien er geen nieuwe landbouwgronden beschikbaar zijn. Hij toetst bevolkingstabellen aan zijn eigen uitgebreide waarnemingen. Hij ziet geen systematische transfer van bevolking, wel een aantal Han Chinezen, die, door de liberalisering van de arbeidsmarkt in geheel China, naar de Tibetaanse centra kwamen om er een of andere zaak op te starten. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Zijn bevinding is dat de Han Chinezen in de steden overduidelijk ‘zichtbaar’ zijn. Een deel woont er, een groot deel komt er ook als toerist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn19&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; Maar de grote meerderheid van de Tibetanen leeft buiten de steden en zijn niet zo ‘zichtbaar’, maar wel talrijker.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Terloops vermeldt Fisher nog dat in de provincie Qinghai het percentage Tibetanen in 25 jaar van 18 tot 22% steeg, gewoon door het verschil in geboortepolitiek: de Han Chinezen zijn beperkt tot één kind per gezin, de Tibetanen niet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Het gaat dus niet om ‘hoeveel Han Chinezen zijn er tegenover hoeveel Tibetanen?’ want de Tibetanen blijven flink in de meerderheid, maar wel over ‘wat gebeurt er in de steden?’. Daarover zegt Fisher dat de Tibetanen een scholingsachterstand en minder marktervaring hebben, waardoor ze ‘de facto’ gediscrimineerd worden tegenover de ‘minder talrijke’ Han, die wel de meest winstgevende activiteiten voor zich nemen. Onder ‘steden’ moet dan wel verstaan worden: ‘grotere steden’, zo zegt Fisher want in de kleinere steden overheerst de Tibetaanse economische activiteit. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“In de enkele grote steden in Tibet zelf, nemen de Han Chinezen 55% van de werkposten in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;beslag, zelfs al zijn ze slechts met 6% van de bevolking,” aldus Fisher. Hier maakt hij een sprongetje dat niet opgaat. Die 6% slaat op het aantal Han Chinezen in de volledige regio, platteland incluis, niet enkel in de steden. In de enkele grote steden maken de Han Chinezen ongeveer een derde van de bevolking uit. Dat zij met dit derde de helft van de werkposten wegkapen is plausibel. Hierbij dient ook opgemerkt dat het gaat over het aantal arbeiders en bedienden (de loontrekkenden). Wanneer we kijken naar bv de zelfstandigen in de kleinhandel bv, dan maken&amp;nbsp;de Tibetanen ook in de steden de meerderheid. Daarentegen worden overheidsopdrachten zoals openbare werken&amp;nbsp;uitbesteed aan de laagst biedende, waarbij firma’s van de naburige provincie Sichuan het kunnen halen ten nadeel van lokale Tibetaanse firma’s. Die ondernemers van Sichuan brengen dikwijls hun eigen migrantwerkers mee om het werk uit te voeren. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Fisher stelt ook dat de administratie van de autonome regio Tibet in handen is van Han Chinezen. Hij heeft gelijk dat: “de eerste partijsecretaris van Tibet altijd een Han Chinees is geweest.” In China wordt in elke provincie een hoogste partijfunctionaris aangesteld die afkomstig is uit een andere provincie, dat als een garantie voor de eenheid van het land. Daartegenover kan gesteld worden dat 94% van alle verkozen mandatarissen, van lokaal tot regionaal, Tibetaan zijn. En het gaat niet over een klein aantal: 34.000 verkozen afgevaardigden in het totaal, voor dorpsraden, districtsraden en regionaal parlement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e scholingsgraad is een andere vorm van discriminatie, die Fisher terecht aan de kaak stelt. Slechts 13% van de Tibetanen volgde een vorm van secundair onderwijs, terwijl dat voor de rest van China 52% is. Dit is voornamelijk te wijten aan het pastorale leven in Tibet: kinderen worden jong ingezet om schapen en yaks te hoeden. De overheid onderkent dit probleem en probeert met sensibilisatiecampagnes en subsidies het tij te keren.&amp;nbsp; Tibet telt intussen al 43.000 universitaire afgestudeerden. Op een bevolking van drie miljoen is dat al behoorlijk.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Besluit:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De meeste waarnemers, die geen politieke agenda hebben, zijn het erover eens dat in de Autonome Regio Tibet de Tibetanen ongeveer 90% van de bevolking uitmaken, maar dat in de enkele grote steden de concentratie van Han Chinezen opgelopen is tot ongeveer 30%. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Minder waarnemers onderzochten de gemengde randgebieden, net buiten de autonome regio. Fisher deed dat vrij grondig. Vandaar dit artikel, gebaseerd op zijn bevindingen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Daaruit blijkt dat de vermenging van bevolking er al enkele eeuwen aan de gang was, dat er van een geforceerde instroom van Han Chinezen geen sprake is, dat de Tibetanen er niet overrompeld zijn door een Han invasie, maar dat er wel vragen moeten gesteld worden bij de sociaaleconomische discriminatie van de Tibetanen tegenover de Han bevolking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In de marge: Andrew Fisher in discussie met tibetologen in Beijing in oktober 2008:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tijdens het internationaal seminarie voor tibetologen in Beijing in oktober 2008 bracht Fisher aan de hand van sommige economische indicatoren een stevig discussieonderwerp naar voor: “de massale Chinese staatsteun voor Tibet is niet productief, de Tibetaanse rurale bevolking heeft weinig uitzicht op de vruchten van de modernisering. Infrastructuur, administratie en stedelijke beroepen slorpen alles op.”&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;“80% van het BNP van Tibet is investering, dat is het hoogste cijfer ter wereld. Dat komt door de grote infrastructuurprojecten en de uitgebreide administratie. Die beiden nemen te veel plaats in, investeringen in reële productieve sectoren zijn miniem. In de aanpalende provincie Qinghai creëert 1 yuan investering een BNP-resultaat van 1,5 yuan. In Tibet brengt 1 yuan investering ondermaats 0,8 yuan BNP voort. Dit is een zeer inefficiënte manier om Tibet economisch op een goed ontwikkelingsspoor te plaatsen. En dit duurt al een hele tijd. Waarom? Het ‘administratief’ hoofd in Tibet weegt te zwaar. Neem de centrale subsidies weg en de Tibetaanse economie valt in elkaar. De mooie spoorweg zal natuurlijk blijven.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tibet vertoont de grootste ongelijkheid in China tussen stad en platteland: 1 tot 5, en de laatste tien jaar is die kloof vergroot. Ook zelfs binnen de stedelijke bevolking is er voor de werkende bevolking een salarisverschil van 1 tot 4. Het hoofdprobleem is echter dat de stedelijke centra weinig ‘productieve activiteit’ hebben, zij genereren zelf geen echte meerwaarde.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De andere deelnemers aan het seminarie, Tibetanen en Han, gingen daar tegen in: “De Westerse modellen van economische ontwikkeling zijn niet klakkeloos toepasbaar op Tibet. De Tibetaanse economie wordt beschouwd als een ‘politieke’ economie, een publieke aangelegenheid. De Chinese staat wil eerst en vooral de leefcondities van de Tibetaanse bevolking verbeteren, via de uitbouw van een netwerk van diensten, via de gezondheidszorg, de hygiëne, de cultuur, de sport, de veiligheid en de zorg voor de ecologie. Dat is meer dan de louter economische indicatoren. Bovendien is er het militaire aspect met Tibet als internationaal begeerde zone. Het geheel moet bekeken worden en op lange termijn. De staat probeert in Tibet de nodige infrastructuur uit te bouwen om het moderniseringsinitiatief kans te bieden, zonder de traditionele waarden van de Tibetaanse cultuur over boord te gooien.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Naar mijn mening had Fisher gelijk in zijn uiteenzetting, waar hij het had over het “te weinig productieve investeringen” in Tibet. Om werkelijk op eigen kracht verder te ontwikkelen en minder afhankelijk te worden van de nationale subsidies zal een eigen lichte industrie een noodzaak worden. Bijna alle consumptieartikelen komen van het binnenland in China. De vraag is: welke producten worden in voldoende aantallen door de Tibetanen gekocht, want eigenlijk zijn zij slechts een ‘kleine’ markt van 3 miljoen mensen. Het kunnen mixers zijn om boterthee te bereiden. De talrijke landbouwerfamilies die ik ontmoette hebben er al een. De vraag is dus: wat is nuttig voor de lokale consumptie, in voldoende aantal om er een productielijn voor op te starten. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt; Tekst van zijn toespraak nog te vinden op zijn persoonlijke website &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dalailama.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;www.dalailama.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;ARD, 15/06/99&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Zonder onderzoek en met eenparigheid van stemmen overgenomen in een resolutie tegen China in het Belgisch parlement in juni 1996 en opnieuw eenparig herbevestigd in 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tibetoffice.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;http://tibetoffice.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;, 5/10/2003 (nu gewist op de site, geprinte pagina in mijn bezit).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;&quot;&gt;Süddeutsche zeitung, 22/09/2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref6&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; Zie voetnoot 9. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref7&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; Le Nouvel Observateur, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;&quot;&gt;17/01/2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref8&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt; De Tibetaanse rebellen voor ‘onafhankelijkheid van Tibet’ waren actief in een door de VS gesteunde guerrilla van 1956 tot 1972. Wie was er ook in Nepal in 1973? John Ackerly, die nu directeur is van ‘International Campaign for Tibet’. Zij waren er samen. J.F. Avedon zou zich blijvend wijden aan de Tibetaanse kwestie, maar Ackerly zou eerst een ommetje maken naar Roemenië om er in dienst van de VS het vallen van het zieke communisme te bespoedigen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref9&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Tweemaal zo groot als het huidige Tibet. ‘Groot Tibet’ bevat ‘gemengde’ streken, waar de Tibetanen sinds eeuwen al of niet in de meerderheid waren. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref10&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Zie ondermeer ‘Asian Survey 45, pag 758-779, university of California, 2003.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref11&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Ook verschenen in het Nederlands: J.F. Avedon, Tibet Vandaag. Huidige situatie en vooruitzichten, Stichting Ontmoeting met Tibetaanse Cultuur, Nederland, Laren, 1989 (?).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref12&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Op 10 maart, herdenkingsdag van de opstand van 1959 in Lhasa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref13&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Christopher Queen, ‘Engaged Buddhism in the West’, p. 226-227, Wisdom Publications, USA, 2000. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref14&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt; ICT: met een website in vijf talen en onder meer een bureau in Brussel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;In de VS is de voorzitster, Beth Markey, een ex-stafmedewerkster van Buitenlandse Zaken van de VS. De directeur voor de ‘betrekkingen met de VS-regering’, Todd Stein, is een ex-adviseur in militaire zaken van de VS-senaat. In Brussel is de directeur van ICT, Vincent Metten, een ex-topadviseur van het Belgisch ministerie van defensie en van militaire zaken bij de Europese Commissie. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref15&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tibet.org/Resources/TSG/Groups/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;http://www.tibet.org/Resources/TSG/Groups/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; vermeldt 376 groepen, maar voor België bv staan er slechts vier in de lijst, daar waar er minstens twintig zijn. Voor Nederland staan er slechts drie. Reëel in Nederland zijn er enkele tientallen. Een belangrijke internationale organisatie staat er zelfs niet bij: ‘Students for a Free Tibet’. Zij hebben tientallen afdelingen, verspreid over de wereld. Het netwerk van lobbyen en activisme voor de onafhankelijkheid van Tibet is enorm, wel geconcentreerd in de VS, Europa, Canada, Australië en Japan, zeg maar de ‘industrieel ontwikkelde wereld’. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref16&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Website Sénat France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref17&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Andrew Martin Fisher, Development Studies Institute, London, “Urban Fault L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;ines in Shangri La”, 26/2/2004. En “Population invasion versus urban exclusion”, Population and Development Review, December 2008, pag 631-662. Andrew Fisher is een Engelse economist en demograaf. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Van 1995 tot 2001 leefde hij in de Tibetaanse gemeenschap in India en Nepal. Daarna heeft hij kort voor TIN (TibetInfoNet, wat pro dalai lama is) in London gewerkt en is momenteel gastprofessor in Nederland. Zijn specialiteit: de mechanismen aan het licht brengen die minderheidsgroepen in een sociale gemeenschap structureel benadelen en kunnen leiden tot sociaaleconomische uitsluiting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref18&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Hij citeert een onderzoek van Irredale, dat een vermindering van Han Chinezen in de autonome regio Tibet vaststelde voor de periode 1981-1992&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref19&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;50.000 Han Chinese toeristen zijn dagelijks zichtbaar in het straatbeeld van Lhasa bv, van mei tot september. Lhasa telt 500.000 inwoners&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>De zelfverbrandingen van Tibetaanse monniken</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2012/02/01/de-zelfverbrandingen-van-tibetaanse-monniken.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2012-02-01:6921563</id>
      <updated>2012-02-01T12:47:28+01:00</updated>
      <published>2012-02-01T12:47:28+01:00</published>
                            <category term="rellen" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="monniken" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="kloosters" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="onafhankelijkheid" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="dalai lama" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="china" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary> &amp;nbsp;      De eerste die door zelfverbranding om het leven kwam was een...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;De eerste die door zelfverbranding om het leven kwam was een monnik – een twintiger - van het Sirti klooster in de prefectuur Aba (Ngaba) in Noordwest-Sichuan. Dit gebeurde einde februari 2009. Tussen maart 2011 en nu januari 2012 kwamen er nog zestien zelfverbrandingen, waarvan de Tibetaanse oppositie in het buitenland denkt dat er minstens 10 zijn, die het niet overleefden, een triest en verschrikkelijk palmares. Schrijnend is ook de jeugdige leeftijd van de meeste ‘zelfverbranders’: t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;ien van de zeventien waren jonger dan twintig of net twintig.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De pers in China maakt gewag van de gebeurtenissen, keurt ze scherp af en geeft geen details. Detailinformatie over de namen van de monniken, de plaats en de datum waar het gebeurde en de omstandigheden wordt voornamelijk verspreid door ICT &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;De gebieden waar de zelfverbrandingen plaatsvonden zijn sinds april 2011 overigens afgegrendeld voor de Westerse pers.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;ICT schrijft dat elke monnik of non, die zich opofferde, slagzinnen riep voor een “vrij Tibet”en voor de terugkeer van de dalai lama. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Radio Free Asia reported that before he set himself ablaze, he climbed a local hill to burn incense and pray before distributing leaflets saying he would act &quot;not for his personal glory but for Tibet and the happiness of Tibetans.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot; lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;“According to Tibetan exiles who spoke to a witness of the protest, before he was stopped by police Phuntsog shouted slogans including ‘May His Holiness the Dalai Lama live for 10,000 years!’&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ICT meldt ook vergezellend volksprotest, maar slechts bij enkele gevallen. Daarbij zouden &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;enkele doden gevallen zijn door het politieoptreden. Het Chinese persagentschap vermeldt er één.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Opvallend is dat van de zeventien zelfverbrandingen er twaalf gebeurden in dezelfde regio: in de autonome gemengde prefectuur Aba van Tibetanen en Qiang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. Van die twaalf zijn er tien afkomstig van één bepaald klooster: Kirti. Daarnaast zijn er drie zelfverbrandingen gemeld in de prefectuur Garze, ook in West-Sichuan, één in het zuiden van de provincie Qinghai en één in Tibet zelf, in de oostelijke stad Chamdo. Deze vier streken zijn min of meer aanpalend aan elkaar, het gaat globaal om een gebied grenzend aan het noordoosten van het huidige Tibet en het is een deel van de historische gebieden ‘Amdo’ en ‘Kham’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;De regio Aba&lt;/strong&gt; is driemaal groter dan België en er leven 1 miljoen mensen, voor 72% Tibetanen en Qiang. Er zijn 42 kloosters, samen goed voor een paar tienduizenden religieuzen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. Aba is een regio buiten het huidige Tibet en bevindt zich, in de provincie Sichuan, die al tijdens de Manchu dynastie in China als afzonderlijke provincie bestond (18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw). Gedurende de laatste twee eeuwen was er een zekere migratie van Han Chinezen naar West-Sichuan, maar de Han bleven duidelijk in de minderheid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;ICT geeft een eventueel etnisch-numeriek bevolkingsprobleem niet aan als mogelijke oorzaak voor de wanhopige daden in Aba, wel een bestuursprobleem: de “afwezigheid van religieuze en politieke vrijheid”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De overheid in de regio Aba is Tibetaans, de politie evenzeer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn6&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;. Van een directe etnische tegenstelling tussen de bevolking en het lokale bestuurs- of repressieapparaat kan men dan moeilijk spreken. Natuurlijk is er een nationale politiek in China tegenover de Tibetaanse bevolking. Een kort historisch overzicht kan enig licht werpen op het feit waarom dit tragisch protest geconcentreerd is in de regio Aba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Toen China na de revolutie van 1949 zijn territoriale aanspraken op Tibet herbevestigde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn7&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; door het Rode Leger in 1951 naar Lhasa te sturen beloofde de Chinese nationale regering om de landadel in Tibet ongemoeid te laten en geen landhervorming door te voeren zonder hun instemming. De belofte gold voor het Tibet van toen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn8&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, wat overeenkomt met het huidige Tibet, maar niet voor de gebieden in Sichuan waar ook Tibetanen wonen, bv in de regio Aba. Daar werd de landhervorming wel doorgevoerd. Daartegen is lokaal verzet gekomen, dat zich vanaf 1956 via de VS kon bewapenen en een guerrilla starten. West-Sichuan werd de thuisbasis van het gewapend verzet tegen het Chinese bewind, waarbij de kloosters een eminente rol vervulden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn9&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; In 1959 bereikte de opstand Lhasa, maar werd er neergeslagen. Dit leidde tot de vlucht van de dalai lama naar Indië, met in zijn spoor heel wat Tibetanen van West-Sichuan. De toenmalige abt van het hierboven vermelde Kirti klooster in Aba was één van de uitwijkelingen en bevindt zich nog steeds in het Indische Dharamsala, de huidige thuisbasis van de dalai lama. Net zoals de dalai lama zegt de ex-abt van Kirti dat zelfverbranding eigenlijk niet strookt met de boeddhistische leer, maar dat hij begrijpt dat de extreme repressie een aantal monniken tot die daad drijft.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De ‘eerste minister’ van de dalai lama, Lobsang Sangey, heeft ongeveer dezelfde bewoordingen in een interview met ‘Libération’ (29/11/2011): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;“Ik roep niet op tot gewelddadig verzet of zelfverbranding want elk protest leidt tot arrestatie en foltering door de Chinese overheid. Ik begrijp hun motivatie ter verdediging van het Tibetaanse volk. Ik groet de moed van diegenen die bereid zijn hun leven te offeren voor deze strijd, maar hun daad is pijnlijk en triestig.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;“Het theologisch debat over zelfdoding bestaat, maar moet niet interfereren met wat nu gebeurt. Het is de Chinese overheid die door haar repressie mensen dwingt om zich op te offeren.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De omgeving van de dalai lama &lt;strong&gt;‘begrijpt de moed’&lt;/strong&gt; van de monniken die zich opofferen en keurt theologisch niet scherp af, terwijl tal van abten van andere kloosters in Aba dat wel deden in de pers in China. Dit terwijl ICT recent meldde dat er in Aba pamfletten circuleren, die oproepen tot zelfverbranding tijdens het komende Tibetaans Nieuwjaarsfeest op 22 februari. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Terug naar de geschiedenis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Gedurende de jaren 1980, na de Culturele Revolutie, kwam er een periode van openheid en tolerantie vanwege de overheid in Tibet en aangrenzende gebieden. In Tibet zelf bleef de controle op de kloosters enigszins gehandhaafd, vanwege het strategisch belang van Tibet voor China en vanwege het feit dat de problematiek geïnternationaliseerd was. Maar in de randgebieden werd de betutteling vrij los, tot onbestaande. Er was weinig regelgeving voor de Tibetaanse kloosters in Sichuan, Qinghai of Gansu. Neem bv het fenomeen ‘kindmonniken’, dat vond je niet meer in Tibet zelf, wel volop in de randgebieden. Buitenlands bezoek was open zonder beperkingen, daar waar voor Tibet zelf een speciale permit en een bekende reisroute nodig bleef. Dit bracht ook een toename van de contacten mee tussen de Tibetaanse gemeenschap in Indië en die van hun thuisland: vooral West-Sichuan. Dat is nu nog min of meer zo. Ook in de richting van Tibet naar Indië. Volgens ICT reisden (legaal) 8000 Tibetanen in januari 2012 naar Indië om er Kalachakra-initiaties van de dalai lama bij te wonen. Men kan niet zeggen dat de Tibetaanse gebieden ‘hermetisch’ afgesloten zijn. ICT zelf, dikwijls via de Tibetaanse gemeenschap in Indië, beroept zich op plaatselijke informanten. En dat zal ook wel zo zijn. China schippert tussen openheid, controle en repressie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Wat de repressie betreft, essentieel is die gericht tegen het ‘separatisme’. Politieke uitingen van nationalisme en steun aan de dalai lama worden onderdrukt, of die nu van kloosters of van leken komen. Twee ‘medeplichtigen’(“aanmoedigen, assisteren”) van de eerste zelfverbranding in 2009 werden tot zware gevangenisstraffen veroordeeld. Tijdens betogingen in de marge van de zelfverbrandingen worden ook mensen voorgeleid. Het spanningsveld is er.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Sinds 1994, na de zitting van de vierde conferentie over Tibet in Beijing, zijn er opnieuw beperkende maatregelen voor de kloosters. De monniken moeten geregistreerd zijn, er is een onderhandelde norm voor het aantal monniken per klooster, geen kinderen meer, in de kloosters moet er onderwijs zijn over de wetgeving. Het is waar dat sommige kloosters in Sichuan explosief groeiden tijdens de jaren 1980. De lokale Tibetaanse overheid zei dan: “wie zal dat betalen qua sociale zekerheid?”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Een studie van twee Amerikaanse vorsers (Enze Han &amp;amp; Christopher Paik) onderzocht de relatie tussen het aantal religieuzen en het aantal incidenten per streek. Hun studie ging over de lente van 2008, toen in Lhasa zich het gekende oproer voordeed. Dit sloeg over naar de periferie, onder meer naar Aba. District per district vergelijken zij het aantal protestacties met het aantal monniken dat er woont. Hun conclusie is radicaal: de kloosters zijn&lt;strong&gt; “kernen van politieke onenigheid en nationalisme”.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;media-9040896&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0.2em 1.4em 0.7em 0;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/53749/4067795096.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;daoch74.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;In verband met het theologisch boeddhistisch debat over zelfverbranding is er nog een element het vermelden waard. In het Tibetaanse pantheon zijn er &lt;strong&gt;godheden, die het ‘kwade met vuur bekampen’&lt;/strong&gt;. De godheid Mahakala (Gonpo Maning in het Tibetaans) trekt, omgeven door een vlammenzee, ten strijde tegen het kwade.&amp;nbsp; (eigen foto, Daocheng of Dabba in West-Sichuan, 2007). In zijn memoires schrijft de dalai lama dat het zijn favoriete meditatie-godheid is. In alle tempels in de Tibetaanse gebieden in China zijn er afbeeldingen van Mahakala te zien. De monniken zijn ermee vertrouwd. Het ‘kwade’ wordt gemakkelijk de communistische partij in Tibet en aanpalende gebieden. Daar kan China door verplichte ‘patriottische opvoeding’ in de kloosters proberen een dam tegen op te bouwen, maar een zeker religieus fanatisme gekoppeld aan nationalistische eisen is een moeilijk te counteren fenomeen. De verplichte leergang over ‘wettelijkheid’ wordt als beperking van de religieuze vrijheid ervaren en/of als dusdanig aangeklaagd door de nationalisten in het buitenland. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De kloosters waren centra van Tibetaans nationalisme en zijn dat nog. Bovendien hebben zij een groot religieus aanzien bij de bevolking. De invloed vanuit het buitenland, vanuit de Tibetaanse uitwijkelingen in Indië en vanwege de wereldwijde steungroepen voor een quasi onafhankelijkheid van ‘Groot Tibet’, verhoogt de spanning ter plaatse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De Tibetaanse gebieden in China waren gedurende de volledige 20&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw &lt;strong&gt;een internationaal strijdperk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn10&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; en lijken dat nog een tijd te blijven. De Westerse mogendheden en media zijn daarbij betrokken. De Tibetaanse diaspora evengoed, met op kop de omgeving van de dalai lama. China wil hoofdzakelijk zijn territoriale integriteit bewaren, alles vertrekt daarvan. De middelen, die China inzet om multicultureel te blijven, zijn wellicht niet altijd de beste en irriteren een deel van de bevolking. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;International Campaign for Tibet, een wereldwijde ONG met basis in Washington en gul gesubsidieerd door de VS-overheid en door enkele invloedrijke “Foundations” in de VS. ‘Radio Free Asia’ en een groot deel van de Europese pers neemt die informatie over.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;een volk uit het noorden van het hoogplateau dat door het Tibetaanse rijk van de 8&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; eeuw verdreven werd naar lagere gebieden in Sichuan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Behoorden tot het ‘Groot Tibetaanse Rijk’ van de 8&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;-9&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; eeuw, maar werden nadien niet meer door Lhasa bestuurd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref4&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Mathew Kapstein, een befaamde tibetoloog, schat het aantal Tibetaanse religieuzen op meer dan 100.000 (2004, p230).&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref5&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Zowel reizende antropologen in het begin van de 20&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw als sociologen in het begin van de 21&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; eeuw stelden dit vast.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref6&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;Zelfs merkbaar op de foto’s van de zelfverbrandingen die op het net gepost werden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref7&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Dat Tibet een deel van China was werd door alle grote mogendheden van toen (inclusief het pas onafhankelijke Indië) onderschreven.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref8&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Waar de dalai lama over heerste.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref9&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Zie «&amp;nbsp;Buddha’s Warriors&amp;nbsp;», Mikel Dunham, Tarcher-Penguin Books, 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref10&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Zie de gedetailleerde werken van Melvyn Goldstein, op basis van de geschriften van het Engelse en het Amerikaanse ministerie van buitenlandse zaken en op basis van de correspondentie van Lhasa in die tijd, voor de periode 1913-1956. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>Tibetanen in Nepal</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/12/16/tibetanen-in-nepal.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2011-12-16:6857982</id>
      <updated>2011-12-16T15:46:42+01:00</updated>
      <published>2011-12-16T15:43:00+01:00</published>
                            <category term="internationale dimensie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="nepal" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="vluchtelingen" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="bhutan" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary> &amp;nbsp;     Het UNHCR (UNO organisatie voor de vluchtelingen) schat het...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f1e26; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Het UNHCR (UNO organisatie voor de vluchtelingen) schat het aantal Tibetanen in Nepal op 20.000 (2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f1e26; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De meerderheid leeft in de omgeving van de hoofdstad Kathmandu. Tibetaanse vluchtelingen van voor 1989 kregen verblijfspapieren. Velen daarvan leiden er een vrij bloeiende handel of dienst. Volgens de Nepalese wetgeving kunnen zij aanspraak maken op de Nepalese nationaliteit maar slechts weinige Tibetanen maken daar gebruik van. Daardoor zijn hun kinderen nog ‘stateloos’ en is de discriminatie tegenover hen nog groot in Nepal bv in verband met werk vinden of ambtenaar worden).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f1e26; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Anders zit het met de nieuwe vluchtelingen van na 1989 (1000 per jaar). Zij krijgen enkel de toelating om te ‘transiteren’ via Nepal naar een ander land, dikwijls India. Het UNHCR vangt hen tijdelijk op. Einde 2010 was hun aantal 1500, gehuisvest in enkele kampen van het UNHCR. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f1e26; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Het ‘Observatory for Statelessness’ stelt dat er jaarlijks 3000 Tibetanen naar Tibet terugkeren, echter zonder te specifiëren uit welke groep die komen (vaste residenten in Nepal, transiterenden of uit andere landen).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f1e26; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Maar de grootste groep vluchtelingen in Nepal zijn Bhutanen (75.000) die uit hun land wegvluchten na een etnisch-religieuze zuivering 17 jaar geleden. Het betreft de Lhotsampa, een volkje met Nepalese voorvaderen en belijders van de hindoe godsdienst. Gezien Bhutan een nogal extreem lamaïstische staat is, werden de Lhotsampa fel gediscrimineerd en uiteindelijk tot de ‘aftocht’ gedwongen. Zowat 100.000 Lhotsampa verlieten Bhutan begin jaren 1990. De VS beloofden in 2007 om er daarvan 60.000 op te nemen. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f1e26; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Bronnen: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unhcr.fr/pages/4aae621d715.html&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;http://www.unhcr.fr/pages/4aae621d715.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalityforall.org/nepal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: FR-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000ff; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;http://www.nationalityforall.org/nepal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>Familieafstammelingen van de 13e dalai lama in Lhasa</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/08/03/familieafstammelingen-van-de-13e-dalai-lama-in-lhasa.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2011-08-03:6672608</id>
      <updated>2011-08-03T18:40:12+02:00</updated>
      <published>2011-08-03T18:40:12+02:00</published>
                            <category term="geschiedenis 20e eeuw" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="dalai lama" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="china" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary> &amp;nbsp;     Thubten Gyatso, de 13   e    dalai lama (1876-1933), was drie...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Thubten Gyatso, de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama (1876-1933), was drie jaar oud toen hij aangeduid werd als reïncarnatie van de vorige dalai lama en op de troon in Lhasa geplaatst werd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama zou, net als de 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama (1617-1682), een grote invloed hebben op de politieke ontwikkeling van Tibet. Alle andere ‘nummers’ van dalai lama’s hadden dat niet. Het was de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama, die, met de steun van Engeland, Tibet onttrok aan de controle van Beijing gedurende 20 à 30 jaar in de eerste helft van de 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama was geboren in het dorp Langdun, iets ten oosten van Lhasa. Zoals gebruikelijk bij het vinden van een nieuwe dalai lama werd zijn volledige familie naar Lhasa overgebracht en kreeg er de adelstand en het bezit van landbouwnederzettingen verspreid over Tibet. Het waren er vijftien, met iets meer dan duizend boeren eraan verbonden. Algemeen in Tibet waren alle landbouwgronden in die tijd eigendom van een 200-tal adellijke families en van de kloosters, waarvan de hoogste lama’s tot diezelfde families behoorden. De helft tot drie vierde van die gronden diende rechtstreeks voor de bevoorrading van de adel en de kloosters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; Daar moesten de boeren bij voorrang en gratis op werken. De rest van de velden diende voor het zelfonderhoud van de boeren. Het spreekt vanzelf dat de elite een rijk uitgerust kon leven, naar de normen van die tijd: zijden Chinese kledij, exotische sieraden, een grote villa met knechten en Engelse importproducten. Zo viel het de familie van de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama te beurt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Van de regentes in Beijing, half-keizerin Cixi, kreeg de familie zoiets als een ‘hertog’ titel, ‘hertog van Langdun’. Beijing was toen nog mee in het spel. De naam ‘Langdun’ bleef dan figureren in de familienaam van de leden. Langdun Kunga Wanchuk (1907-1981) was een neef van de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama en vanaf zijn 21 jaar (in 1928) werd hij door hem benoemd als ‘nummer twee’ in Tibet, een soort eerste minister of eerste secretaris rechtstreeks onder de dalai lama. Een foto van hem, prima uitgedost in zijden kledij, is te vinden in de archieven in Lhasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; Het zijn de afstammelingen van deze Langdun Kunga Wanchuk die nu nog in Lhasa wonen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Normaal had hij na de dood van de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama in 1933 het regentschap van Tibet moeten waarnemen, maar de toenmalige leiders en invloedrijke families van Tibet oordeelden dat hij te jong, te onervaren en geen sterke figuur was. Voor de post was er een concurrentiestrijd aan de gang tussen enkele belangrijke families, met complotten, arrestaties en enkele moorden. Langdun Kunga Wanchuk werd in elk geval uitgesloten. Uiteindelijk werd de ‘lottrekking uit de urne’ gekozen om de regent aan te duiden, een methode opgelegd door Beijing sinds de 18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw, precies om bloedige concurrentie te vermijden. De regent werd de abt van het Reting klooster.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn4&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; Een tijdlang was Langdun Kunga Wanchuk medebestuurder van Tibet samen met de Reting rinpoche, maar deze laatste verwijderde hem van de post in 1938 om alleen te heersen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn5&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Zoals bijna de volledige Tibetaanse elite was de Langdun familie akkoord met het herstel van de Chinese soevereiniteit over Tibet in 1951, toen het Rode Leger Lhasa bereikte. Een leeg pand van hun villa’s stelden ze ter beschikking van de legerleiding. Communicatie met de officieren verliep via zijn drie kinderen, die Engels gestudeerd hadden in India. Ook dat was een kenmerk van de Tibetaanse elite van toen: de kinderen kregen een ‘Engelse’ opleiding in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;‘Typische collaborateurs’, zeggen de aanhangers van de 14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama. In elk geval, de familie Langdun, familie van de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama, schaarde zich niet aan de zijde van de Tibetaanse opstandelingen in 1959 en zij bleven in Tibet, zij gingen niet vluchten naar India, na de mislukte opstand. Met de landhervorming in 1959 verloren zij hun gronden, hun boeren en hun knechten, maar zij kregen wel bestuursposten. De oudste dochter van Langdun Kunga Wanchuk werd vicedirectrice van de traditionele Tibetaanse Opera. Zijn oudste zoon werd vicedirecteur van de Tibetaanse TV. Hijzelf werd lid van de regionale Consultatieve Conferentie en publiceerde werken over de traditionele Tibetaanse geneeskunde. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; M. Goldstein, «&amp;nbsp;A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951, University of California Press, 1989.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Charles Bell, «&amp;nbsp;Portrait of a dalai lama&amp;nbsp;», Collins, London, 1946. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; En.tibetmagazine.net&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref4&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Goldstein, idem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref5&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Goldstein, idem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>Amerikaanse juristen bewezen de onafhankelijkheid van Tibet</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/06/09/amerikaanse-juristen-bewezen-de-onafhankelijkheid-van-tibet.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2011-06-09:6600265</id>
      <updated>2011-06-09T19:55:52+02:00</updated>
      <published>2011-06-09T19:55:52+02:00</published>
                            <category term="geschiedenis 20e eeuw" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="13e dalai lama" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="engeland" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="qing" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="onafhankelijkheid" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary> &amp;nbsp;     Het Amerikaanse “Tibet Justice Center” publiceerde in 1998 een...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Het Amerikaanse “Tibet Justice Center” publiceerde in 1998 een rapport dat het Amerikaanse Congres en diverse parlementen in de wereld moest overtuigen dat Tibet altijd onafhankelijk geweest was tot voor 1951, toen het Chinese Volksbevrijdingsleger Tibet binnentrok en daar volgens hun betoog een einde aan stelde. De argumenten, die het over de geschiedenis van voor de 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw hebben, zijn uiterst zwak. Men valt steeds terug op het Tubo koninkrijk van de 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; tot de 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw – toen Tibet inderdaad onafhankelijk was, ervoor ook trouwens, maar toen had Tibet nog geen staatsvorm – en voor de periode nadien wordt telkens beroep gedaan op de spirituele superioriteit van Tibet en het feit dat het Chinese keizerlijk gezag zich weinig moeide in het lokaal bestuur. Zowel internationale bronnen als Chinese hebben een veel sterkere fundering om te tonen dat Tibet vanaf de Mongoolse dynastie wel deel uitmaakte van China. Daarover zullen we het nu niet hebben. Het is interessant om de redenering over het begin van de 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw te bekijken. Ter herinnering: in 1904 valt Engeland Tibet binnen. China is niet bij machte om de inval te beantwoorden en de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama kiest na aarzelen uiteindelijk de zijde van Engeland, verjaagt de Chinezen en voelt zich onafhankelijk. Maar niemand in het buitenland erkent die onafhankelijkheid. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Wat zegt het rapport van het “Tibet Justice Center” hierover? Een hoofdonderdeel van hun bewijs dat Tibet onafhankelijk was zijn de verdragen die het afsloot met buurlanden of met Engeland. Als Tibet verdragen afsloot met andere landen moet het toch onafhankelijk geweest zijn. De belangrijkste die ze citeren zijn de verdragen met Ladakh in 1842, met Nepal in 1856, met Engeland in 1904 en met Engeland in 1913. De moeite waard om die van dichterbij te bekijken en de historische context te benaderen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In het begin van de 19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; eeuw waren de Engelsen in India, opgerukt vanuit het zuiden, aan de voet van de Himalaya aangekomen. De eerste Engelse prikjes tegenover China en Tibet vertrokken van Ladakh in de periode 1840 – 1846. Ladakh was vroeger min of meer gebonden aan Tibet en aan China. Het aangehaalde verdrag van 1842 is een soort staakt het vuren tussen Ladakhi en Tibetanen. In 1846 lijfden de Engelsen het definitief in. De Chinezen wilden niet ondertekenen. De Tibetaanse adel deed dit wel. Maar dat afstandsverdrag staat niet vermeld in het lijstje van “Tibet Justice Center”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Nepal was een Brits protectoraat toen de Gurkha’s Tibet binnenvielen in 1856. Het verdrag tussen Tibet en Nepal beëindigt de vijandelijkheden met een boete voor Tibet van 10.000 zilverstukken per jaar. Opnieuw zat Engeland ertussen. Het was een verdrag van de sterkste. Het “Tibet Justice Center” voert dit verdrag aan als bewijs voor de onafhankelijkheid van Tibet omdat Nepal het eveneens gebruikte om zijn onafhankelijkheid te staven. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Maar het toppunt van juridische soepelheid is het verdrag met Engeland in 1904. De Britse legers – met veel Nepalese huurlingen – was Tibet binnengevallen en had er het primitieve Tibetaanse leger tot nul herleid. Er kwam een verdrag, een onderwerpingverdrag. China erkende dit verdrag niet. Dat de Tibetaanse lokale overheid het wel tekende is eerder een teken van zwakte, niet zozeer van onafhankelijkheid. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;In 1913 ten slotte, ontfutselde Engeland nog een stuk van Tibet, wat nu Arunachal Pradesh is. China tekende niet, de 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; dalai lama wel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De door het ‘Tibet Justice Center’ aangehaalde verdragen, die moeten bewijzen dat Tibet een ‘onafhankelijke buitenlandse politiek’ volgde en dus onafhankelijk was, waren eerder vernederende onderwerpingsverdragen tegenover Engeland en zijn protectoraten. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>Chronologische tabel Tibet</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/05/16/chronologische-tabel-tibet.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2011-05-16:6567464</id>
      <updated>2011-12-28T20:34:42+01:00</updated>
      <published>2011-05-16T20:21:00+02:00</published>
                            <category term="geschiedenis algemeen" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="dalai lama" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="china" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="engeland" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="usa" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary>   3000 v.Chr      Oudste gevonden landbouwnederzetting, Karub nabij Qamdo....</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3000 v.Chr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Oudste gevonden landbouwnederzetting, Karub nabij Qamdo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;????&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Legendarische koning Gesar en de Ling staat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;?e eeuw v.Chr. tot in de 7&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw na Chr. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Zhangzhung cultuur, in de omgeving van de Kailash berg. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;4&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; of 2&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw v.Chr.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Legendarische koning Nyatri Tsanpo, in de Yarlung vallei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;5&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Koning Lhatotori Nyentsen en de eerste boeddhisme-import, vanuit Kashmir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;630 – 846 Tubo koningen, regeerperiodes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;630-649 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Songtsen Gampo, met de Chinese prinses Wencheng en de Nepalese Bhrikuti. Beide prinsessen brengen het boeddhisme mee binnen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;649-655 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Gungri Gangtsen, verovert Tuyuhunië in 653.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;655-676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Mangang Mangtsan, verpletterende nederlaag in 670 voor een Tang leger in Qinghai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;676-704&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Dusong Mangpoje, dringt door ten noorden op de Zijderoute, soms verslagen door, soms gewonnen van de Tang legers. Aanval op het zuidoostelijke Nanzao afgeslagen, de koning sneuvelt. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;704-755&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Tride Tsukten, was nog kind toen zijn vader sneuvelde. Zijn grootmoeder bestuurt een tijd het rijk. Hij huwt met de Chinese prinses Jincheng. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;735&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Vredesverdrag Tubo-Tang, dat aan de Tubo West-Sichuan, Gansu en de Zijderoute geeft.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Tubo worden door de Arabieren uit de oases van de Zijderoute verjaagd. Nanzhao wordt vanaf 752 bondgenoot van de Tubo, tot einde 8&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;755-797&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Trisong Detsen, zoon van Tride Tsukten en prinses Jincheng. Padmasambhava, een Indiase guru, vindt bij hem asiel tegenover de oprukkende islam in India. Brengt het tantrisme in het Tibetaanse boeddhisme. Ontstaan van de Nyingma school. Eerste klooster in Tibet: het Samye klooster, ten oosten van Lhasa. Onder Trisong Detsen wordt het Tibetaanse rijk uitgebreid tot 'Groot Tibet', tweemaal zo groot als het huidige Tibet.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;763&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Tijdelijke bezetting door de Tubo van Chang’an, de hoofdstad van de Tang dynastie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;787&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Nieuw vredesverdrag tussen Tubo en Tang, Bevestiging dat het volledige westen aan de Tang invloed ontsnapt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;797-815&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De militaire greep op het rijk verzwakt. Drie koningen volgen elkaar snel op.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;815-838&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Ralpachen (of Tritsug Dechen). Bepertkt de invloed van de lekenadel ten voordele van de geestelijken. Wordt vermoord door bon aanhangers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;823&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Een laatste verdrag tussen Tubo en Tang. Invloedssferen blijven.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;838-846&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Langdarma, broer van Tritsug Dechen. Inperking van de macht van de monniken.Op zijn beurt vermoord. Einde van het rijk.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Vier eeuwen versnippering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;847-869&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Slavenopstanden in het uiteenvallende rijk. Langzaam begin van het landheren en lijfeigenensysteem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;9&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw tot 17&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Guge koninkrijk in Ngari, in het westen. Atisha, een Bengaalse guru, begon er in 1042 de kadam school. Importeert de kalachakra openbaringstekst. Wordt uitgenodigd naar de streek van Lhasa, waar hij in 1056 het Reting klooster in sticht.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1038-1227&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Xixia koninkrijk in het noordoosten (huidige provincies Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia). Tanggut bevolking is een vermenging van Turcomongolen, Tibetanen, Han en Tu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1073&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Ontstaan van de sakya school, in het stadje Sakya, met steun van de Khon familie. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;12&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Milarepa geeft de aanzet voor de kagyu school. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1162-1227&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Genghis Khan begint aan zijn veroveringstocht. Vernietiging van het Xixia koninkrijk in 1227.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1234&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Noord-China wordt door de Mongolen definitief ingelijfd. Zuid-China, de Zuidelijke Song dynastie, zal nog weerstand bieden tot in 1279.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1239&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Klein Mongools verkenningsleger, onder leiding van Godan, naar Tibet. Besprekingen met de sakya school voor vreedzame onderwerping in ruil voor lokale macht.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Eerste Mongoolse periode (1252-1368)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1252&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Tibet wordt bij het Mongoolse rijk ingelijfd. Pagpa, de leider van de sakyapa, wordt door de Mongolen aangesteld als afgevaardigde bestuurder van U en Tsang of Centraal-Tibet. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1260-1294&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Regeerperiode van Kublai Khan, die zich in 1271 tot keizer van China uitroept (Yuan dynastie).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1264&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Oprichting in Beijing van de “centrale commissie voor boeddhistische zaken en Tibet”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1333-1368&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Shundi, de laatste keizer van de Yuan dynastie, bevestigt de Phagmodrupa familie, die de sakyapa versloegen, als bestuurders voor Centraal-Tibet. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phagmodrupa administratie (1345-1478)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1354&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Vernieling van het Sakya klooster en definitieve uitschakeling van de sakya administratie. De hoofdstad voor Centraal-Tibet (U en Tsang) wordt Nedong. Ontstaan van de phagdru-kagyu school. In het westen is Guge nog steeds onafhankelijk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1407&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Ming dynastie (1368-1644) begint met het instellen van titels voor Tibetaanse geestelijke en wereldlijke leiders in Centraal-Tibet. De titel “Dharma Prins” is de hoogste graad. De Ming bevoordelen geen van de diverse scholen of families. In de grensgebieden (huidige andere provincies) benoemen de Ming rechtstreeks “tusi’s”, lokale leiders. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1409&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Stichting in Lhasa van het Ganden klooster door Tsongkapa (1357-1419), met de steun van de Phagmodrupa familie. Begin van de gelug school (gele mutsen). Volgen het Drepung klooster in 1416, Sera in 1419, beiden in Lhasa en het Tashilumpo klooster in Xigaze. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De landeigendom wordt nauwkeuriger omschreven, het lijfeigenschap krijgt meer regels. De kloosters verwerven gronden en lijfeigenen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Ringpung administratie (1478-1565)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Een andere familie verovert militair de macht in Centraal-Tibet. Sakya wordt hun hoofdstad. Zij bevoordelen de karma-kagyu school.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Tsangpa administratie (1565-1642) en de Tweede Mongoolse periode (1573-1717)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Opnieuw een oorlogje en de Tsangpa familie grijpt de macht, met Xigaze als hoofdstad. De Karma-kagyupa worden door de Tsangpa familie zeer sectair opgejaagd tegen de gelugpa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1573-1578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Althan Khan (1507-1582), een Mongoolse leider uit het noorden van China, valt Tibet binnen. Hij beschermt de gelugpa en verleent in 1578 de titel “dalai lama” aan de derde abt van het Drepung klooster.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1589&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De kleinzoon van Althan Khan wordt de vierde dalai lama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1600 ongv.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Tsangpa regeerders doen beroep op de Chogtu Mongolen uit het westen van China om de gelugpa te bekampen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1605&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Het Drepung en het Sera klooster in Lhasa worden volledig vernield door het Tsangpa leger.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1639&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Gushri Khan (1584-1655), een Mongools leider uit het noordwesten van China verslaan de Chogtu Mongolen in Qinghai en komen in Tibet de gelugpa ter hulp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1642&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Tsangpa heersers worden definitief verslagen door Gushri Khan. De 5&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama (1617-1682) krijgt de lokale politieke macht over Centraal-Tibet. Gushri Khan blijft zijn meerdere, de “depa”, een soort president. Na de dood van Gushri Khan wordt de “depa” een Tibetaanse hoge lama. De hoofdstad wordt Lhasa. De 5&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama verovert het koninkrijk Guge in het westen en dringt in het oosten door tot in Sichuan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Gushri Khan verleent de titel van “panchen lama” aan de abt van het Tashilumpo klooster. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Qing dynastie (Manchu) (1644-1911)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1652&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De 5&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama wordt in Beijing door Qing keizer Shunzhi erkend als leider voor Tibet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1697-1705&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Korte regeerperiode van de 6&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama, de “frivole”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1705&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Lajang Khan, de achterkleinzoon van Gushri Khan, probeert zijn zoon als 7&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama te installeren.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1713&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Qing keizer Kangxi (regeerperiode 1661-1722) bevestigt de titel van “panchen lama”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1717-1720&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Dzoungaren bezetten tijdelijk Tibet. Lajang Khan sneuvelt &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;De Dzoungaren worden in 1720 door de Qing troepen verdreven. Polhanas, een niet-geestelijke, wordt aangesteld als lokale leider van Tibet. De Qing troepen escorteren de echte 7&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama naar Lhasa, die geen wereldlijke macht krijgt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1727&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Burgeroorlog in Tibet, tussen U en Tsang. De Qing legers herstellen de orde, Polhanas blijft aan tot in 1747. De grenzen van Tibet worden door de Qing vastgelegd op wat ze nu ongeveer zijn.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1736-1795&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Regeerperiode van Qing keizer Qianlong, die tal van kloosters in Tibet en in de randgebieden sponsort.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1747-1756&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Nieuwe burgeroorlog in Tibet, met inmenging van de Dzoungaren. Een Qing leger komt opnieuw de orde herstellen en vernietigt de Dzoungaren in 1756.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1751&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Instelling van de Kashag, de ministerraad voor Tibet. Afschaffing van het “depa” systeem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1774&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Eerste Engelse verkenning van Tibet, de “Bogle missie”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1791&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Qing legers verdrijven een Nepalese Gurkha invasie uit Tibet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1793&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Qing stellen een lijst van 29 reglementen op voor Tibet. Een driemanschap moet voortaan Tibet besturen: de commissaris van de keizer (amban), de dalai lama en de panchen lama. Reïncarnaties van belangrijke hoge lama’s moeten door de keizer bekrachtigd worden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1808-1879&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De 9&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; tot en met de 12&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama sterven allen jong, nog voor ze werkelijke macht hebben.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1846-1864&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Engeland ontneemt Ladakh, Sikkim en Bhutan aan de Tibetaanse invloed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1879&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De jonge 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama (1876-1933) komt op de troon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1897&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Dorjieff, een Buriat Mongool en contactman met tsaristisch Rusland wordt de raadgever van de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1904&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Het Engels leger bezet tijdelijk Tibet. De 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama vlucht naar Mongolië, later naar Beijing. Keert in 1909 terug naar Lhasa, maar vlucht dan naar Engels India, door naderende Qing troepen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De Republiek China (1911-1949&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1911&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Val van de Qing dynastie in China en uitroeping van de Republiek China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1913&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama keert terug naar Tibet. Alle Han Chinezen worden uit Tibet verdreven. De facto onafhankelijkheid van Tibet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1913&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Simla conferentie, met Engeland, Tibet en China aan tafel. De kaart van Groot Tibet wordt naar voor geschoven door de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama. Engeland ontneemt Arunachal Pradesh aan Tibet. China verwerpt het verdrag.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1918&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama herovert Oost-Tibet. Een overeenkomst legt de grens vast op de Yangzi, zoals voor het huidige Tibet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1933-1950&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Na de dood van de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama is de Tibetaanse adel verdeeld: Engeland of China? Regent Reting (1933-1941) schipperend, regent Taktra (1941-1950) pro-Engels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1940&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De huidige 14&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama (geboren in 1935) wordt officieel op de troon gezet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1942&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Eerste Amerikaanse missie in Tibet (Dolan, Tolstoy). Gouden horloge voor de dalai lama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De volksrepubliek (vanaf 1949)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1949&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Uitroeping van de Volksrepubliek China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1951&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Het Rode Leger marcheert op Lhasa. Eerste plannen voor ballingschap van de 14&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama. Hij aanvaardt echter, samen met de Kashag, het “17 punten programma” van China. Zijn twee broers vluchten en worden gerekruteerd door de CIA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1956&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Begin van de Tibetaanse opstand in West-Sichuan. Eerste wapenhulp van de USA in 1957.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1958-1959&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;De opstand bereikt Lhasa. De 14&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama laat zich ompraten om in ballingschap te gaan. Het Chinese leger slaat de opstand neer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1960&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Afschaffing van het lijfeigenensysteem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1959-1972&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Guerrilla activiteiten in Tibet gesteund door de USA. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Vanaf 1972&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Internationale kruistocht van de 14&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama voor vrede, vrijheid, mensenrechten, democratie en min of meer onafhankelijkheid van Tibet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>De « onafhankelijkheidsverklaring van Tibet » door de 13e dalai lama (op post in Lhasa van 1879 tot 1933)</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/05/16/de-onafhankelijkheidsverklaring-van-tibet-door-de-13e-dalai.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2011-05-16:6567435</id>
      <updated>2011-05-16T20:03:59+02:00</updated>
      <published>2011-05-16T20:02:00+02:00</published>
                            <category term="geschiedenis 20e eeuw" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="dalai lama" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="onafhankelijkheid" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="china" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary>   “Ik ben met mijn ministers uit Lhasa gevlucht naar de grens met Indië....</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;“Ik ben met mijn ministers uit Lhasa gevlucht naar de grens met Indië. Tegelijk zond ik een telegram naar de Manchou keizer om duidelijk te stellen dat de relatie, die bestond tussen Tibet en China, er een was van ‘priester-beschermheer’, dat zij niet gebaseerd was op de onderwerping van de een door de ander. Ik had geen andere keuze dan de grens over te steken want de Chinese troepen zaten mij op de hielen met de intentie van mij te pakken te krijgen, dood of levend.” (13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dl, februari 1913).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Bij de ondergang van het Chinese Manchou keizerrijk, begin 20&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw en door de groeiende aanwezigheid van de Europese mogendheden in de regio, zocht de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama een nieuwe ‘beschermheer’. Hij reisde te paard naar Ulaan Bator (Mongolië), naar Beijing en naar Darjeeling (Engeland). Hij had ook een Russische raadgever en een Japanse. Hij was verre van een primitieve naïeveling, afgesneden van de wereld. Toen het Manchou regime viel in China in 1912 koos hij de zijde en de hulp van Engeland om het Chinese leger uit Tibet (in zijn actuele grootte) te verdrijven. Terloops gezegd, deze uitdrijving ging gepaard met het verbannen of het stenigen van Tibetaanse vrouwen, die met Chinezen getrouwd waren.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Ter herinnering: het Manchou leger trok in 1910 Tibet binnen, tot in Lhasa, om er “de orde in de handel te herstellen”. De 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama vreesde voor zijn leven en vluchtte naar Darjeeling. In 1913, na de val van het Manchou regime, keert hij terug en hij schrijft een brief voor alle functionarissen – leken en monniken – in Tibet. De boodschap is: ‘ik ben terug en de macht in Tibet behoort mij toe.’ Drie vierde van de rondzendbrief handelen over het herstellen van de orde in Tibet: anti-corruptie, tegen lokaal machtsmisbruik, enz. En het ging over de regio Tibet in zijn huidige grootte. Hij schrijft namelijk: “de Chinese autoriteiten van Sichuan en Yunnan hebben getracht om ons land te koloniseren.” Met “ons land” bedoelt hij duidelijk het huidige Tibet, niet het ‘Grote tibet’ van de 8&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; eeuw. Er is ook nergens sprake van ‘Amdo’ of de provincie Qinghai, dat de huidige voorstanders van een onafhankelijk Tibet als ‘Tibet’ bestempelen. De troepen van de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama verdreven de Chinese troepen – een bestuurloos regiment van het gevallen Manchou regime – to voorbij de Yangzi rivier, wat nu nog de grens is van het ‘autonome’ Tibet. De notie ‘Groot-Tibet’ verscheen slechts een half jaar later, tijdens de Simla conferentie, samen met de Engelsen en de nieuwe Chinese Republiek. In het voorstel van de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama kan men daar lezen: “&lt;em style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;gebaseerd op de geografische kaarten van de Engelsen&lt;/em&gt;, is er Tibet en moet er daarenboven een bufferzone komen (met China)”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Terug naar de brief aan al zijn onderdanen. Met die brief wou de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama vooral zijn autoriteit in Tibet herstellen, ten aanzien van alle functionarissen, na zijn drie jaar afwezigheid. Hij had geen vertrouwen in de revolutionaire republikeinse ideeën die China omwentelden. Het systeem houden zoals het was in Tibet – feodaal – was zijn hoofdbekommernis. Hij bespeelde de buitenlandse ‘sterken’, zoals Engeland en Japan, om dat doel te dienen. Voor die nieuwe ‘beschermheren’ was hij geen ‘spirituele raadgever’ meer, maar hij kreeg er wel wapens van. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De brief aan zijn ‘onderdanen’ was geen onafhankelijkheidsverklaring die hij bij de ‘sterke machten’ van toen te berde bracht. Die omzendbrief ging niet richting Engeland, Beijing noch Japan noch Mongolië noch enig ander land.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Er stond wel de zin in: “wij zijn een kleine natie, religieus en onafhankelijk”, gericht aan de Tibetanen in Tibet. De huidige voorstanders van onafhankelijkheid van tibet stellen: “de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; dalai lama had geen notie van de regels van de internationale diplomatie.” (A.M. Blondeau, France). Dat is hem flink onderwaarderen. Hij had gereisd in Azië, hij had contacten met de ‘groten’. Trouwens, de Engelsen, die het flink voor het zeggen kregen in die periode in Tibet, beweren het tegenovergestelde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; «&amp;nbsp;Histoire du Tibet&amp;nbsp;», Laurent Deshayes, Fayard, 1997, page 267. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;De volledige tekst van de brief van de 13&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; dalai lama is terug te vinden aan het einde van het boek&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
      <entry>
      <author>
        <name>infortibet</name>
        <uri>http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/about.html</uri>
      </author>
      <title>De vissen van Tibet</title>
      <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/archive/2011/05/16/de-vissen-van-tibet.html" />
            <id>tag:infortibet.skynetblogs.be,2011-05-16:6567017</id>
      <updated>2011-05-16T16:10:27+02:00</updated>
      <published>2011-05-16T16:09:00+02:00</published>
                            <category term="ecologie" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#category" />
                                    <category term="tibet" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="dieren" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
                    <category term="monniken" scheme="http://www.blogspirit.com/ns/types#tag" />
              <summary>     De Tibetanen eten weinig of geen vis, vooral de oudere mensen niet. Er...</summary>
      <content type="html" xml:base="http://infortibet.skynetblogs.be/">
          &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;De Tibetanen eten weinig of geen vis, vooral de oudere mensen niet. Er is iets sacraals aan vissen&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;De lichamen van overleden personen worden nog dikwijls aan de rivieren toevertrouwd, dus aan de vissen. Die worden aanzien – zoals de gieren trouwens – als de ‘bevrijders’ van de geest, die het lichaam bezielde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Toen het Rode Leger in 1951 Tibet binnentrok, hadden de soldaten het strikt bevel gekregen om geen vis te vangen en er ook geen te verkopen, uit respect voor de lokale traditie. Toch bestonden en bestaan er traditionele Tibetaanse vissers, vooral op de rivieren. Hun bolle bootjes waren vervaardigd uit aaneengenaaide yakhuiden. Sommige dorpen langs de Yarlung Tsangpo rivier gebruiken die nog steeds. In het oude Tibet was de consumptie van vis voorbehouden aan de rijkelui, waaronder ook de hoge lama’s.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Ondertussen is de jonge Tibetaanse generatie nu wel aan vis toe, dat ze een lekker luxeproduct vinden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Veel vis wordt uitgevoerd naar de nabijgelegen Chinese provincies. De vissers op de grote meren van het hoogplateau (niet enkel Tibet) zijn meestal Han Chinezen afkomstig uit die buurprovincies. Dat maakt dat het visbestand flink teruggelopen is. Door de kou, vanwege de grote hoogte, groeien de vissen minder snel dan in lagere gebieden. Visvangst zoals elders in China zou op de duur nefast zijn op het hoogplateau. Momenteel is er nog geen regelgeving voor de visvangst daar. De enige rem is de hoge prijs. Er gaan wel stemmen op om een beperking in te stellen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;(Bronnen: China’s Tibet 6-2005 + HKCTP nr 55).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; href=&quot;http://myblog.skynet.be/admin/posts/post.php?blog_id=53749&amp;amp;blog_type=weblog#_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;&quot; lang=&quot;NL-BE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; Daarvan getuigt ondermeer Alexandra David-Neel, toen ze ontvangen werd door de monnik-intendant van de abt van het grote Labrang klooster. Er was vis op het gezamenlijk menu. Wel pittig om die enkele pagina’s te herlezen. Ze getuigen van de grote weelde waarin sommige monniken leefden: het servies bevatte goud, massief zilver, jade en edelstenen. De zetels waren bekleed met echte luipaardvellen, de grond was vol tapijt, een verzameling kunstwerken versierde het huis en de rijke Tibetaanse lama had … een Chinese kok! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;“Au pays des brigands gentilshommes”, pag 65-79, Editions Plon, pocket, Paris, 1980.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
      </content>
    </entry>
  </feed>
